The city's judiciary said on Friday that Robert French had cut short his term, which was meant to expire in May 2026, adding that the court's operation will not be affected.
Hong Kong is a common law jurisdiction separate from mainland China and invites overseas judges to hear cases at its Court of Final Appeal.
Their presence has been seen as a bellwether for the rule of law since the former British colony was handed back to China in 1997.
But French said in a statement on Friday that the role of overseas judges has "become increasingly anachronistic and arguably cosmetic", according to the South China Morning Post.
The judiciary said French "reaffirmed his continued respect for the independence and integrity of all of the judges on the Court of Final Appeal" in his resignation letter.
A Hong Kong government spokesperson "expressed regret" at French's resignation and thanked him for his contributions.
French, a former Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, first joined the Hong Kong bench in 2017.
Beijing passed a national security law on the former British colony in 2020, following huge and often violent pro-democracy protests the year before.
Since then, six overseas judges have quit the top court without finishing their terms.
Four others have not renewed their appointments.
On Friday, French reportedly declined to comment on the national security law but said he would "reject the proposition that (overseas judges) are somehow complicit" in how the government applies that law.
British judge Jonathan Sumption resigned last year after saying Hong Kong's "rule of law is profoundly compromised", shortly after 14 pro-democracy activists were convicted of subversion.
Cases at Hong Kong's top court are typically heard by a panel of four local judges and a fifth ad hoc member, who may be a foreign judge.
The lineup of overseas judges has gone from 15 at its peak down to five.
In January, Hong Kong's chief justice said recruiting suitable overseas judges "may be less straightforward than it once was" given geopolitical headwinds.
The government has defended the security law as necessary to restore order after the 2019 protests and said the city remains a well-respected legal hub.
End of the line for Hong Kong's Democratic Party
Hong Kong (AFP) April 12, 2025 -
Under heavy skies, the minibus carrying Hong Kong politician Emily Lau rattles along a winding mountain road to Stanley Prison for a visit she finds all too familiar.
Lau is the former chair of the Democratic Party, once the city's stalwart opposition force but now seatless and preparing to dissolve as some of its veterans languish in jail.
The party and its campaign for freer elections have withered under Beijing's years-long national security crackdown.
After 2019 protests paralysed the financial hub, Beijing moved to further restrict elections and imprison democracy campaigners.
Lau listed off five party comrades behind bars, including her predecessor Albert Ho, who could be jailed for life on national security charges.
Ho is "very, very patriotic", she said ahead of her visit to Stanley Prison. "Look at his fate".
The remaining members of the city's main democracy party will meet on Sunday to discuss and possibly vote on shutting down, following procedures that began in February.
At the time, party chair Lo Kin-hei cited the "political environment", but refused to say if there had been pressure from Beijing to dissolve.
- Universal suffrage -
Hong Kong's Democratic Party was founded in 1994, three years before the British colony was handed over to China.
Its top concern was determining how the city would eventually elect its own leader and lawmakers through universal suffrage as promised in China's "One Country, Two Systems" model.
Lee Wing-tat, a founding member, was among those inspired to enter politics by Beijing's pledge of "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong".
"When I got older I found out those slogans were fake, but it's hard to blame a young man in his twenties for being idealistic," said Lee, who now lives in the United Kingdom.
The party's manifesto supported the 1997 handover and acknowledged Hong Kong as part of China, a tone set by heavyweights Szeto Wah and Martin Lee.
Interviewees recalled the two leaders as yin and yang: Szeto a po-faced strategist with patriotic roots, Lee a suave barrister dubbed the city's "Father of Democracy".
The party's moderate line meant that, for a time, it was "relatively easy" to communicate with Beijing, according to founding member Sin Chung-kai.
In 2010, the party decided to send three members, including Emily Lau, to meet with Beijing's representatives in Hong Kong to discuss electoral reform.
"That was the first time and the only time that Beijing decided to negotiate with us," Lau recalled.
"We said to the liaison officers, 'Well, you must continue to talk to us.'
"They never did."
- 'Break the rules' -
The 2010 meeting was divisive.
Critics accused the Democratic Party of selling out at a time when smaller, more radical groups were emerging in the opposition camp.
Within the party, younger members called for a more assertive stance, recalled Ted Hui, who won his first seat in 2011.
Hui saw a need to "break the rules of the game" in order to secure real democratic reform.
One early protest, which ended with him being tossed out of a District Council meeting, gained public sympathy but was considered "impulsive" by party elders.
"The party needed a more comprehensive transformation, so it can move in sync with society," he said.
"We had to up our game."
By the time the massive democracy protests seized Hong Kong in 2019, Hui and other party figures had learned to tread a fine line, playing a peaceful yet defiant role during street clashes.
The party more than doubled its seats at the District Council that year on swelling anti-government sentiment.
But a Beijing-imposed national security law in 2020 was the beginning of the end.
Authorities used that law to jail four Democratic Party ex-lawmakers, saying they were among 47 opposition figures who took part in an informal primary election to subvert state power.
Hui, who moved to Australia, was also accused of breaching the security law and became the target of a police bounty.
- 'Not forgotten' -
The Democratic Party holds no elected seats after its lawmakers resigned en masse in 2020 to protest Beijing's tightened grip.
The wipeout was repeated at District Councils the following year.
Ramon Yuen, a former party treasurer, said members were sometimes treated like outcasts -- restaurants refused to host their banquets.
"Even normal social gatherings could not be held," he said.
Yuen said he was in favour of dissolution and expected most of the 400 party members to agree.
"Hong Kong has discussed (universal suffrage) for so many years, but regrettably we don't know when we'll see it," he said.
Outside Stanley Prison, Lau said she makes regular visits to let jailed democrats know "they have not been forgotten".
The party's end should spur the public to ask hard questions, she added.
"Why do we have to disband? What is going on? That's a question I want Hong Kong people to ask."
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