The surprise manoeuvres were criticised by Washington as "intimidation tactics" and come after Taiwan President Lai Ching-te called China a "foreign hostile force".

Named "Strait Thunder-2025A", the drills were in the middle and southern parts of the Taiwan Strait as well as the East China Sea, the military said.

The military said it held "long-range live-fire drills" and practised hitting "simulated targets of key ports and energy facilities" during the exercises.

Wednesday's exercises aim to "test the troops' capabilities" in areas such as "blockade and control, and precision strikes on key targets", said Senior Colonel Shi Yi, spokesman of the Chinese military's Eastern Theater Command.

China's Shandong aircraft carrier was also carrying out drills testing the ability to "blockade" Taiwan, the Eastern Theater Command said.

Taipei has condemned the exercises.

China's foreign ministry warned Wednesday the "punishment will not stop" until Taiwan's leaders stop pushing for what Beijing says is independence from the mainland.

The island of 23 million people is a potential flashpoint between China and the United States, which is Taiwan's most important security partner.

The US State Department said Beijing's "aggressive" military activities and rhetoric towards Taiwan "only serve to exacerbate tensions and put the region's security and the world's prosperity at risk".

Chinese leaders oppose Washington's support for Taiwan and detest Lai, who they call a "separatist".

Drills in the strait come a day after China sent its army, navy, air and rocket forces to surround Taiwan, prompting Taipei to dispatch its own air and maritime forces.

Taiwan's defence ministry said there was no live-fire near the island on Wednesday.

By early afternoon, 36 Chinese aircraft, 21 warships and 10 coast guard boats had been detected around Taiwan.

That compares with Tuesday's count of 21 warships, 71 aircraft and four coast guard vessels.

China's Eastern Theater Command kept up its propaganda on Wednesday, posting a "Paralysing Strikes" poster on its Weibo account, showing Chinese forces surrounding Taiwan and firing missiles at the island.

Major General Meng Xiangqing, professor at the PLA National Defence University, warned more drills could follow this week's exercises.

"Today is 2025A, tomorrow it could be B, C, D," Meng told state broadcaster CCTV.

"As long as Taiwan independence separatists dare to cross the line, the PLA will definitely act."

- 'Robust' deterrence -

Beijing has ramped up military pressure on Taiwan in recent years and held multiple large-scale exercises around the island that are often described as rehearsals for a blockade and seizure of the territory.

Tensions have escalated since Lai took office in May 2024 and adopted tougher rhetoric than his predecessor Tsai Ing-wen in defending the island's sovereignty.

While Taiwan sees itself as a sovereign country, most nations, including the United States, do not recognise its claim to statehood and instead have formal diplomatic ties with China.

Last month, Lai called China a "foreign hostile force" and proposed 17 measures to combat growing Chinese espionage and infiltration.

US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth vowed "robust, ready and credible deterrence" in the strait during a visit to the region last week.

Taipei analyst Wen-Ti Sung said China was using "stress test after stress test" to gauge the strength of US support for Taiwan and other allies in the region.

"China is creating occasion after occasion for the Trump administration to publicly show how its support... is weaker or more conditional than in years past," Sung told AFP.

Beijing was also trying to paint Lai as "the provocateur" to get what it wants on Taiwan from Washington, including reduced US support, Eurasia Group's Amanda Hsiao said.

The United States is legally bound to provide arms to Taiwan, but Washington has long maintained "strategic ambiguity" when it comes to whether it would deploy its military to defend the island from a Chinese attack.

There have been concerns over President Donald Trump's willingness to protect Taiwan, especially after he upended US support for Ukraine.

Communist China claims Taiwan has been part of its territory since "ancient times", but it has never governed the island.

The island was partly or totally ruled at various times by the Dutch, Spanish, China's Qing dynasty and Japan, and has been inhabited by indigenous tribes for thousands of years.

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